Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Teamwork Cognitive Diagnostic Modeling with Higher-Order Latent Structure.Note: θA and θB: general cognitive abilities of member A and B, respectively; αA and αB: individual cognitive attribute patterns of member A and B, respectively; YA and YB: individual response patterns of member A and B, respectively; θAB: team cognitive ability; αAB: team cognitive attribute pattern; YAB: teamwork response pattern; εAB: residual term (other social dimension factors).

Figure 2. Test Q-matrix, examples of individual response and collaborative response items in the Empirical Study.Note. (a) Q-matrix (the item numbers correspond to the original numbers of the Advanced Raven's Progressive Matrices Test); (b) an example of individual response item; (c) an example of collaborative response item.

Figure 3. Results of Empirical Study.Note. (a) estimates of item parameters, g: guessing parameter, s: slipping parameter; (b) mixing proportion of attribute patterns; (c) estimates of cognitive abilities, θ: cognitive ability; ε: residual term; (d) correlation coefficients among various variables, z1: Consistency of answers among members; z2: Frequency of communication among members; z3: Total waiting time among members. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001.